Scientific Calculator

An exponent (or power) indicates how many times a base number multiplies itself. 2¹⁰ = 1,024 means 2 multiplied by itself 10 times. Negative exponents represent fractions: 2⁻³ = 1/8. Fractional exponents represent roots: 8^(1/3) = ∛8 = 2.

A logarithm is the inverse of an exponent. log₁₀(100) = 2 because 10² = 100. The natural log ln(x) uses base e ≈ 2.718. Logarithms compress large ranges — that's why they're used in decibels, earthquake magnitude (Richter scale), and pH.

sin, cos, tan relate angles to ratios of sides in a right triangle. sin(angle) = opposite/hypotenuse. cos(angle) = adjacent/hypotenuse. tan(angle) = opposite/adjacent. JavaScript's Math.sin() takes radians — multiply degrees by π/180 first.